Description
This is a continuation of the Course Project presented in Week 2. Before you begin, review the Course Project Overview document located in the Week 2 Resources area.
The literature review is a critical piece in the research process because it helps a researcher determine what is currently known about a topic and identify gaps or further questions. Conducting a thorough literature review can be a time-consuming process, but the effort helps establish the foundation for everything that will follow. For this part of your Course Project, you will conduct a brief literature review to find information on the question you developed in Week 2. This will provide you with experience in searching databases and identifying applicable resources.
To prepare:
- Review the information in Chapter 5 of the course text, focusing on the steps for conducting a literature review and for compiling your findings.
- Using the question you selected in your Week 2 Project (Part 1 of the Course Project), locate 5 or more full-text research articles that are relevant to your PICOT question. Include at least 1 systematic review and 1 integrative review if possible. Use the search tools and techniques mentioned in your readings this week to enhance the comprehensiveness and objectivity of your review. You may gather these articles from any appropriate source, but make sure at least 3 of these articles are available as full-text versions through Walden Library’s databases.
- Read through the articles carefully. Eliminate studies that are not appropriate and add others to your list as needed. Although you may include more, you are expected to include a minimum of five articles. Complete a literature review summary table using the Literature Review Summary Table Template located in this week’s Learning Resources.
- Prepare to summarize and synthesize the literature using the information on writing a literature review found in Chapter 5 of the course text.
To complete:
Write a 3- to 4-page literature review that includes the following:
- A synthesis of what the studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the question that you developed
- Point out inconsistencies and contradictions in the literature and offer possible explanations for inconsistencies.
- Preliminary conclusions on whether the evidence provides strong support for a change in practice or whether further research is needed to adequately address your inquiry
- Your literature review summary table with all references formatted in correct APA style
Literature Review Summary Table
NURS 5052/NURS 6052
Name:
Citation
Type of Study
Setting
Key
Concepts/Variables
Findings
Hierarchy of
Evidence Level
Design Type
Framework/Theory
Concepts:
Type of Study:
Design Type:
Framework/Theory:
Independent
Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
© 2016 Laureate Education Inc.
1
Literature Review Summary Table
NURS 6052
Citation
Study
Design Type
Framework/Theory
Setting
Key
Concepts/Variables
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Findings
Hierarchy of
Evidence Level
Literature Review Summary Table
NURS 6052
Running head: IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
1
The Impact of Lifestyle on the Prevalence of High Blood Pressure amongst the Middle-Aged
Walden University
NURS 6052
Essentials of Evidence Based Practice
December 7, 2017
Antwan Cooke
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
2
Impact of High Blood Pressure on Middle-Aged Lifestyle
Cardiovascular diseases have become a common issue in the present times. However,
one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases is high blood pressure. As blood is pumped
from the heart through the arteries to other body organs, it is necessary to maintain a
particular level of pressure that should sustain the flow while at the same time aligning to the
capacity of the blood vessels. When this pressure exceeds the pressure that the blood vessels
can support, this could be devastating to both the blood vessels and the organs that receive
this blood. In return, this affects the distribution of vital body requirements such as oxygen
and nutrients. There are various studies that focus on this problem and more so due to its
relevance in the healthcare sector. While many of these focus on particular at-risk groups,
very few studies explore the overall issues pertaining the problem including causes, risk
factors, interventions, prevention, and secondary illnesses. At the same time, the prevalence
and risk factors of the disease may vary from time to time, which calls for a continuous
update of the studies in order to identify the positioning of the problem at every one time.
This impacts clear roles of nursing practice that have been established many years ago that
center around patient education of hypertension management. “The role of nurses has been
recognized for nearly 50 years in public and professional education to improve hypertension
control promoted by the US National High Blood Pressure Education Program’s Joint
National Committee reports and other publications” (Himmelfarb, Mensah, & Hill 2016, para.
4). In an attempt to develop a clear understanding of the problem, this paper will develop a
plan that will help in exploring various recent studies discussing various specific aspects of
high blood pressure and consolidate the discussions into a single comprehensive document.
Significance of the problem
High blood pressure has become a common problem especially for the young and
middle-aged. In this case, high blood pressure is responsible for at least 12% of the total
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
3
annual mortalities around the world (Bromfield & Muntner, 2013). However, the prevalence
of the disease may vary from place to place as well as from one population to another.
According to Joffres, Falaschetti, Gillespie, Robitaille … Campbell (2013), more than 75
million Americans, which represents 29% of the total US population, suffers from high blood
pressure. While this may be a major problem amongst the general population, races such as
the non-Hispanic whites are at relatively higher risks of getting high blood pressure
(Lackland, 2014). Unfortunately, some of these studies take a long time before their results
are availed to the public. At the same time, the causes and risk factors may keep on changing
from time to time. As reported by Lindsay, Connor, Joffres, Birtwhistle … Cloutier (2013),
the lifestyle of that people lead at the present age has changed drastically from the lifestyles
that they led a decade or two ago. Coincidentally, high blood pressure is one of the most
common lifestyle diseases (Diaz & Shimbo, 2013). As a result, it is necessary to constantly
update the prevalence, causes, risk factors, and the interventions available for the disease.
This will then help the public to understand how to address the problem.
There is a need to develop comprehensive results detailing every aspect of high blood
pressure. It is evident that researchers have accorded high blood pressure the attention that it
deserves. In this case, a simple search on various catalogs avails a large number of articles
and books discussing various issues regarding the disease. Unfortunately, a simple analysis of
the results indicates that most of these studies focus on a particular area rather than the whole
problem. This leaves a lot of gaps in the results. While it may be important to generate the
specific results as a way of creating a more meaningful understanding of that particular area,
it is equally necessary to consolidate all the aspects of the disease. For instance, it is necessary
to avail information regarding both the risk factors and the prevention at the same time in
order to create the best impact. If this study is accomplished, it will thus be of high
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
4
significance to the healthy population, patients with high blood pressure, health practitioners
and caregivers, and the wider health sector.
Research questions
A number of research questions have been developed in order to help in exploring the
problem. However, some of the most significant questions and a description of their
feasibility will be discussed in this section.
1. What are the risk factors for high blood pressure?
This is an important research question for this paper. In this case, it helps in
identifying the things that make people susceptible to high blood pressure. As discussed by
Tespaye, Byass & Wall (2009), for example, being middle-aged puts one at a higher risk of
getting high blood pressure than it is the case for the elderly. At the same time, a group such
as the non-Hispanic Whites in the US is at a relatively higher risk than the African Americans
(Lackland, 2014). There is a lot of data regarding the risk factors, which means that this will
be important while studying the problem.
2. What are the causes of high blood pressure?
There are various causes of high blood pressure. While many studies have developed a
set of causes regarding the disease, it is difficult to identify one that explores all the possible
causes. As such, this area may need more focus as a way of developing a better
understanding.
3. How prevalent is high blood pressure and how does it vary?
High blood pressure is highly prevalent. As discussed earlier, however, this prevalence
may vary from place to place as well as from one group to another. As such, exploring the
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
5
prevalence from various regions may be important in order to generate results that best
represent the general population.
4. What interventions are available for high blood pressure and which are the most
appropriate?
Various interventions exist regarding the disease. However, they may work differently
for different groups. While most of these interventions are often generalized, it may be
important to illustrate how well each of them works and to which group.
5. How does one know when they have high blood pressure?
It is important to discuss the diagnosis of the disease. Similar to other diseases, high
blood pressure has a number of signs and symptoms that one can evaluate to determine its
existence as well as other laboratory tests that could be done to generate a better conclusion.
Pico question
This study will focus on the middle-aged as the population of the study. At the same
time, the paper will also focus on a change of lifestyle as the intervention of the disease. The
expected outcome revolves around a decline or rise in the risk factors of high blood pressure.
In this paper, this will be represented by the chances of the disease. The following PICO
question will thus guide this study.
Does a change of lifestyle determine the chances of high blood pressure amongst the
middle-aged population?
Keywords
It is important to develop a set of keywords that will guide the process of research. In
order to generate good results, the following keywords have been developed after narrowing
down the PICO question.
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
•
High blood pressure
•
Prevalence of high blood pressure
•
Risk factors of high blood pressure
•
High blood pressure amongst the middle-aged
•
Impact of age on prevalence of high blood pressure
•
Interventions of high blood pressure
•
Causes of high blood pressure
•
How to prevent high blood pressure
•
Impact of lifestyle on high blood pressure
•
Lifestyles that contribute to high blood pressure
6
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
References
Bromfield, S., & Muntner, P. (2013). High Blood Pressure: The Leading Global Burden of
Disease Risk Factor and the Need for Worldwide Prevention Programs. Current
Hypertension Reports, 15(3), 134–136. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-013-0340-9
Diaz, K. M., & Shimbo, D. (2013). Physical Activity and the Prevention of
Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 15(6), 659–668.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-013-0386-8
Himmelfarb, C., Mensh, Y., & Hill, M. (2016). Expanding the Role of Nurses to Improve
Hypertension Care and Control Globally. Obtained from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221499961600028X
Joffres, M., Falaschetti, E., Gillespie, C., Robitaille, C., Loustalot, F., Poulter, N., …
Campbell, N. (2013). Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in
national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and
ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(8), e003423.
http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003423
Lackland, D. T. (2014). Racial Differences in Hypertension: Implications for High Blood
Pressure Management. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 348(2), 135–
138. http://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000308
Lindsay, P., Connor Gorber, S., Joffres, M., Birtwhistle, R., McKay, D., & Cloutier, L.
(2013). Recommendations on screening for high blood pressure in Canadian
adults. Canadian Family Physician, 59(9), 927–933.
7
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
8
Tesfaye, F., Byass, P., & Wall, S. (2009). Population based prevalence of high blood pressure
among adults in Addis Ababa: uncovering a silent epidemic. BMC Cardiovascular
Disorders, 9, 39. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-9-39
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
NURS 5052/NURS 6052
Name:
Citation
Type of Study
Setting
Key
Concepts/Variables
Findings
Hierarchy of
Evidence Level
Design Type
Framework/Theory
Concepts:
Type of Study:
Design Type:
Framework/Theory:
Independent
Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
© 2016 Laureate Education Inc.
1
Literature Review Summary Table
NURS 6052
Citation
Study
Design Type
Framework/Theory
Setting
Key
Concepts/Variables
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Type of Study:
Concepts:
Design Type:
Independent
Variable:
Framework/Theory:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Findings
Hierarchy of
Evidence Level
Literature Review Summary Table
NURS 6052
Running head: IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
1
The Impact of Lifestyle on the Prevalence of High Blood Pressure amongst the Middle-Aged
Walden University
NURS 6052
Essentials of Evidence Based Practice
December 7, 2017
Antwan Cooke
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
2
Impact of High Blood Pressure on Middle-Aged Lifestyle
Cardiovascular diseases have become a common issue in the present times. However,
one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases is high blood pressure. As blood is pumped
from the heart through the arteries to other body organs, it is necessary to maintain a
particular level of pressure that should sustain the flow while at the same time aligning to the
capacity of the blood vessels. When this pressure exceeds the pressure that the blood vessels
can support, this could be devastating to both the blood vessels and the organs that receive
this blood. In return, this affects the distribution of vital body requirements such as oxygen
and nutrients. There are various studies that focus on this problem and more so due to its
relevance in the healthcare sector. While many of these focus on particular at-risk groups,
very few studies explore the overall issues pertaining the problem including causes, risk
factors, interventions, prevention, and secondary illnesses. At the same time, the prevalence
and risk factors of the disease may vary from time to time, which calls for a continuous
update of the studies in order to identify the positioning of the problem at every one time.
This impacts clear roles of nursing practice that have been established many years ago that
center around patient education of hypertension management. “The role of nurses has been
recognized for nearly 50 years in public and professional education to improve hypertension
control promoted by the US National High Blood Pressure Education Program’s Joint
National Committee reports and other publications” (Himmelfarb, Mensah, & Hill 2016, para.
4). In an attempt to develop a clear understanding of the problem, this paper will develop a
plan that will help in exploring various recent studies discussing various specific aspects of
high blood pressure and consolidate the discussions into a single comprehensive document.
Significance of the problem
High blood pressure has become a common problem especially for the young and
middle-aged. In this case, high blood pressure is responsible for at least 12% of the total
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
3
annual mortalities around the world (Bromfield & Muntner, 2013). However, the prevalence
of the disease may vary from place to place as well as from one population to another.
According to Joffres, Falaschetti, Gillespie, Robitaille … Campbell (2013), more than 75
million Americans, which represents 29% of the total US population, suffers from high blood
pressure. While this may be a major problem amongst the general population, races such as
the non-Hispanic whites are at relatively higher risks of getting high blood pressure
(Lackland, 2014). Unfortunately, some of these studies take a long time before their results
are availed to the public. At the same time, the causes and risk factors may keep on changing
from time to time. As reported by Lindsay, Connor, Joffres, Birtwhistle … Cloutier (2013),
the lifestyle of that people lead at the present age has changed drastically from the lifestyles
that they led a decade or two ago. Coincidentally, high blood pressure is one of the most
common lifestyle diseases (Diaz & Shimbo, 2013). As a result, it is necessary to constantly
update the prevalence, causes, risk factors, and the interventions available for the disease.
This will then help the public to understand how to address the problem.
There is a need to develop comprehensive results detailing every aspect of high blood
pressure. It is evident that researchers have accorded high blood pressure the attention that it
deserves. In this case, a simple search on various catalogs avails a large number of articles
and books discussing various issues regarding the disease. Unfortunately, a simple analysis of
the results indicates that most of these studies focus on a particular area rather than the whole
problem. This leaves a lot of gaps in the results. While it may be important to generate the
specific results as a way of creating a more meaningful understanding of that particular area,
it is equally necessary to consolidate all the aspects of the disease. For instance, it is necessary
to avail information regarding both the risk factors and the prevention at the same time in
order to create the best impact. If this study is accomplished, it will thus be of high
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
4
significance to the healthy population, patients with high blood pressure, health practitioners
and caregivers, and the wider health sector.
Research questions
A number of research questions have been developed in order to help in exploring the
problem. However, some of the most significant questions and a description of their
feasibility will be discussed in this section.
1. What are the risk factors for high blood pressure?
This is an important research question for this paper. In this case, it helps in
identifying the things that make people susceptible to high blood pressure. As discussed by
Tespaye, Byass & Wall (2009), for example, being middle-aged puts one at a higher risk of
getting high blood pressure than it is the case for the elderly. At the same time, a group such
as the non-Hispanic Whites in the US is at a relatively higher risk than the African Americans
(Lackland, 2014). There is a lot of data regarding the risk factors, which means that this will
be important while studying the problem.
2. What are the causes of high blood pressure?
There are various causes of high blood pressure. While many studies have developed a
set of causes regarding the disease, it is difficult to identify one that explores all the possible
causes. As such, this area may need more focus as a way of developing a better
understanding.
3. How prevalent is high blood pressure and how does it vary?
High blood pressure is highly prevalent. As discussed earlier, however, this prevalence
may vary from place to place as well as from one group to another. As such, exploring the
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
5
prevalence from various regions may be important in order to generate results that best
represent the general population.
4. What interventions are available for high blood pressure and which are the most
appropriate?
Various interventions exist regarding the disease. However, they may work differently
for different groups. While most of these interventions are often generalized, it may be
important to illustrate how well each of them works and to which group.
5. How does one know when they have high blood pressure?
It is important to discuss the diagnosis of the disease. Similar to other diseases, high
blood pressure has a number of signs and symptoms that one can evaluate to determine its
existence as well as other laboratory tests that could be done to generate a better conclusion.
Pico question
This study will focus on the middle-aged as the population of the study. At the same
time, the paper will also focus on a change of lifestyle as the intervention of the disease. The
expected outcome revolves around a decline or rise in the risk factors of high blood pressure.
In this paper, this will be represented by the chances of the disease. The following PICO
question will thus guide this study.
Does a change of lifestyle determine the chances of high blood pressure amongst the
middle-aged population?
Keywords
It is important to develop a set of keywords that will guide the process of research. In
order to generate good results, the following keywords have been developed after narrowing
down the PICO question.
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
•
High blood pressure
•
Prevalence of high blood pressure
•
Risk factors of high blood pressure
•
High blood pressure amongst the middle-aged
•
Impact of age on prevalence of high blood pressure
•
Interventions of high blood pressure
•
Causes of high blood pressure
•
How to prevent high blood pressure
•
Impact of lifestyle on high blood pressure
•
Lifestyles that contribute to high blood pressure
6
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
References
Bromfield, S., & Muntner, P. (2013). High Blood Pressure: The Leading Global Burden of
Disease Risk Factor and the Need for Worldwide Prevention Programs. Current
Hypertension Reports, 15(3), 134–136. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-013-0340-9
Diaz, K. M., & Shimbo, D. (2013). Physical Activity and the Prevention of
Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 15(6), 659–668.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-013-0386-8
Himmelfarb, C., Mensh, Y., & Hill, M. (2016). Expanding the Role of Nurses to Improve
Hypertension Care and Control Globally. Obtained from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221499961600028X
Joffres, M., Falaschetti, E., Gillespie, C., Robitaille, C., Loustalot, F., Poulter, N., …
Campbell, N. (2013). Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in
national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and
ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(8), e003423.
http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003423
Lackland, D. T. (2014). Racial Differences in Hypertension: Implications for High Blood
Pressure Management. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 348(2), 135–
138. http://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000308
Lindsay, P., Connor Gorber, S., Joffres, M., Birtwhistle, R., McKay, D., & Cloutier, L.
(2013). Recommendations on screening for high blood pressure in Canadian
adults. Canadian Family Physician, 59(9), 927–933.
7
IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE ON HBP AMONGST THE MIDDLE-AGED
8
Tesfaye, F., Byass, P., & Wall, S. (2009). Population based prevalence of high blood pressure
among adults in Addis Ababa: uncovering a silent epidemic. BMC Cardiovascular
Disorders, 9, 39. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-9-39
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
